The lawsuit puts new pressure on the company, NSO Group, and on the Israeli government, which licenses the company’s sales to foreign governments of its spyware, known as Pegasus. More broadly, the suit also calls new attention to Israel’s increasingly open alliance with Saudi Arabia and other Persian Gulf monarchies.

Saudi Arabia and its allies like the United Arab Emirates have never recognised the Jewish state but have quietly found common cause with it in opposition to Iran. Since the Arab Spring uprisings, Israel and those monarchies also appear to have found an alignment of interest in defending the established Arab order.

The lawsuit, filed in Israel by Montreal-based Saudi dissident Omar Abdulaziz, follows parallel suits by journalists, activists and others charging that NSO Group improperly helped the governments of Mexico and the United Arab Emirates spy on their smartphones even though the individuals had no criminal record and posed no threat of violence.

The human rights group Amnesty International has also recently accused NSO Group of helping Saudi Arabia spy on a member of the organisation’s staff. Amnesty said last week that it was considering legal action after the Israeli Defence Ministry rejected a request to the revoke NSO Group’s license to export its spyware.

“By continuing to approve of NSO Group, the Ministry of Defence is practically admitting to knowingly cooperating with NSO Group as their software is used to commit human rights abuses,” said Molly Malekar, programs director of Amnesty International’s Israeli office.

In a statement Sunday, NSO Group said its products were “licensed for the sole use of providing governments and law enforcement agencies the ability to lawfully fight terrorism and crime.”

Contracts for use of its software “are only provided after a full vetting and licensing by the Israeli government,” the company said, adding: “We do not tolerate misuse of our products. If there is suspicion of misuse, we investigate it and take the appropriate actions, including suspending or terminating a contract.”

The spyware allows its customers to secretly listen to calls, record keystrokes, read messages, and track internet history on a targeted phone. It also enables customers to use a phone’s microphone and camera as surveillance devices.

Because of those sweepingly invasive capabilities, Israel classifies the spyware as a weapon. The company must obtain approval from the Defence Ministry for its sale to foreign governments. Saudi Arabia paid $55 million last year for its use, according to Israeli news reports.

Abdulaziz, the plaintiff of the new lawsuit, is a 27-year-old Saudi who sought asylum in Canada and lives in Montreal. In the aftermath of the Arab Spring uprisings, he had become popular among Saudis for online videos and social media commentary criticising the rulers of the kingdom for their authoritarianism. The consulting firm McKinsey & Co. identified him to the royal court as an influential driver of dissent on social media.

Over the last two months, he has also gained international attention because of his friendship and collaboration with Khashoggi, a Saudi exile living in Virginia who wrote columns for The Washington Post.

[caption id="" align="alignnone" width="640"] FILE PHOTO: People attend a symbolic funeral prayer for Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi at the courtyard of Fatih mosque in Istanbul, Turkey November 16, 2018.[/caption]

Khashoggi was killed and dismembered in October in the Saudi Consulate in Istanbul. US intelligence agencies and many Western officials have concluded that Saudi Arabia’s day-to-day ruler, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, authorised the assassination. He has denied authorising the killing, and Saudi officials have said that a team of agents sent to retrieve Khashoggi decided on their own to kill him instead.The lawsuit claims that in the months before the killing, the royal court had access to Khashoggi’s communications about opposition projects with Abdulaziz because of the spyware on Abdulaziz’s phone.

Abdulaziz has said he was also targeted by some of the operatives close to Crown Prince Mohammed who have been linked to the Khashoggi killing as part of a campaign to bring home or silence Saudi dissidents abroad. After pestering him for months with messages urging him to return to the kingdom, two Saudi emissaries met him in Montreal in May to pressure him in person.

The emissaries said they had been sent by Saud al-Qahtani, a close adviser to the crown prince who has been the target of US sanctions for his alleged role in the Khashoggi killing. A statement announcing the sanctions also identified him as the supervisor of the intelligence agent who led that operation. But the emissaries made clear that their orders had ultimately come from the crown prince himself.

They promised Abdulaziz that the day after he landed in Saudi Arabia he would meet with Crown Prince Mohammed and could ask him for anything. They said they had already booked a hotel room for Abdulaziz in Jeddah.

Abdulaziz declined to return to the kingdom and also refused a request to visit the Saudi Embassy in Ottawa for further discussions. That request began to look more ominous after Khashoggi’s death in the Istanbul consulate, Abdulaziz has said.

The next month, in June, he received a text message that looked like a link to track the shipment of a package but turned out to mask a link to NSO Group’s spyware, according to court papers filed with the lawsuit.

In August, a research group at the University of Toronto that studies online surveillance notified Abdulaziz that his phone might have been hacked. The research group, Citizen Lab, later concluded that the Saudi government was behind it.